Frank Lloyd Wright The Pioneer Of Creating Greatness Through Simplicity Essay Example For Students

Straightforward Lloyd Wright The Pioneer Of Creating Greatness Through Simplicity Essay These thoughts proposed by Wright speak to 50 years of inventiveness and unparalleled innovativeness. Wright was certainly a compositional virtuoso and was a long time relatively revolutionary. The greatest impediment which kept Wright down all through his profession was the absence of technogaly that was available during his time. As a modeler, Wright achieved more that some other ever, with the conceivable special case of DaVincci or Michangelo. His way of thinking of Organic Architecture demonstrated the world that structure and capacity could both by accomplished to make a house that was both consistent with nature and moderate. Wrights homes, have today become landmarks of significance and distictionn. The greater part of them fill in as historical centers, showing the his thoughts and a mind-blowing accomplishments of development. It wasnt until Wright distributed The Natural House notwithstanding, that he completely had the option to delineate the entirety of his thoughts relating toward lodging. In the Natural House wright characterizes the importance of Organic Architecture and how it very well may be applied to making lodging which gives a closeness to nature to the occupents. Wright was undoubtly a sentimental and maverick. His inclination toward nature and self respectability can best be appeared by contrasting them with those mutual by Emerson and Thoreau. Wrights profound love of nature and his independence were shaped from the occasions which impacted him as a youngster and as of recently working for Louis Sullivan. So as to completely comprehend the thoughts which Wright proposed through his way of thinking of Organic Architecture, one should initially comprehend the occasions and impacts which prompted their creation. As a youngster, Wrights guardians consistently urged him to be a nonconformist and maverick. Both of his folks were keen and innovative individuals ordinarily. They, surprisingly had the best effect on Wright. For an amazing duration they were extreamly steady of Wrights fantasy about turning into an engineer, and consistently ensured that he had books and pictures of structures that he could examine and gain from. Wrights guardians had minimal expenditure, however they generally found the additional cash expected to help their childrens intrusts. At the point when Wright got mature enough to start finding out about working, his folks felt that sending him to his uncles dairy ranch throughout his mid year break from school would furnish him with the best possible hard working attitudes and ethics expected to turn into a capable grown-up. The work on the homestead was thorough and apparently unending to Wright. He scorned the tasks which he was required to do. Wright endeavored to flee practically each mid year that he was sent there. In any case, his sort however harsh uncle guaranteed him that the entirety of his difficult work would make him a superior individual and would show him duty. As the years passed, Frank started to fear dealing with the homestead less and less. He got intrigued with nature and built up a profound regard for it. It was there, on a little Wisconsin dairy ranch where Wright started to contemplate the hypothesis of incorporating design with nature. Wright ascribed his adoration toward nature and his regard toward it, to the numerous summers which he spent on his uncles ranch. The other significant impact in Wrights life, was the crumbling of the State of Wisconsin Capitol Building. At that point, Wright was just 13 when he saw the structure breakdown upon itself, murdering every one of the 40 specialists who were inside it. Seriously damaged and incapable to rest for a considerable length of time, Wright continued asking why the heartbreaking episode happened. Weeks after the fact, it was uncovered that the reason for the structures breakdown was an absence of help from the pilars which held up the over 3 stories. The designer and the developer both reglected to test the pilars before they were brought into the structures basic plan. After Wright took in this, he pledged that in the event that he turned into a planner, he would thourghly test the entirety of the help films utilized in the development of all the structure ventures which he directed. .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 , .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 .postImageUrl , .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 , .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31:hover , .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31:visited , .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31:active { border:0!important; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31:active , .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb3 1 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5cf8e949d9412f860465d707e21bdb31:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Architecture and the Impact of Light EssayThe most prominent factor which Wright set forth in his way of thinking of Organic Architecture was that of security. Wright felt that all structures, regardless of whether they were business or private ought to be manufactured and planned so they were structuraly stable just as consistent with nature. Wright represents his inclination toward the importenance of wellbeing by saying There is no reason which I have heard, that can make up for an inadequately planned structure. The main thing that I can say about a person who assumes no liability for his thoughts is either apathetic or a truely uncareing per sonWright, The Natural House,74. Wright rarely discussed the heartbreaking callamiaty which he saw as youth, however obviously the memory left a profound impression upon him. At just 16 years old, Wright started studing Civil Engineering at the University of Wisconsin. Developing board with his clases, Wright left his examinations and went to Chicago trusting that he could get work as a designers understudy. Fortunatly Wright sucessfully figured out how to make sure about an apprenticespib work with Louis Sullivan, famous present day draftsman. Wright worked with Louis Sullivan and his accomplice Dankmar Adler, for a long time. During this time, Wright learned structure Sullivan what his examinations at the University of Wisconsin came up short on: a plan idea which was new, and was sensible to Wright. Sullivan had a similar inclination toward about Wrights theory of Organic Architecture. Sullivan demonstrated Wright how his way of thinking could be applied to the housin needs of the late 1800s. Without Sullivans heading and guidence, Wright may have always been unable to achieve what he did. Wright alluded to Sullivan as Lieber Miester on the grounds that Wright felt that he was truely an ace at his work and ought to be tended to with the most extreme of regard. Unfortunatly, when Sullivan discovered that Wright was working two jobs, he had to fire him. Sullivan felt sold out and was left sadned by the episode. Wright was so engaged with his thoughts that he fail to regard the trust and lessons set forth by his lessons. After Wright initially started to recieve acclaim for his initial structure work, he felt it important to completely impart and characterize his way of thinking of Organic Architecture, with the goal that everybody could get an away from of its thoughts. He to achieved this by communicating his thoughts in a book called The Natural House. Of all books which Wright distributed, The Natural House had the best effect. As Emerson and Threau proposed divine models for conduct and self integrety, In The Natural House Wright proposed a celestial model for what he viewed as the ideal house. Wright expressed that a house ought to be as near nature as could reasonably be expected. He delineates this by expressing A house which is built in a way which is complementive to nature, as opposed to annoying, is one that will last the longest and be the most appealing.

Differences Between Daisy and Brett Essay

Contrasts among Daisy and Brett I. Presentation Thesis: Daisy and Brett vary in similarity, character, and way of life. II. Body A. Daisy 1. Congruity 2. Character 3. Way of life B. Brett 1. Congruity 2. Character 3. Way of life III. End Differences among Daisy and Brett In the two books, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† and â€Å"The Sun Also Rises,† the contrasts between the two significant female characters are incredibly clear. Daisy, who is a significant female character in â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† and Brett, who is a significant female character in â€Å"The Sun Also Rises,† assumes significant jobs in giving evident subjects to the two books. They do as such with various procedures and convictions. Daisy and Brett contrast in similarity, character, and way of life. Daisy is an excellent young lady who is hitched to Tom Buchanan. She is relied upon to resemble other appropriate ladies of that time; in this way, she is. She isn't free and depends on her significant other Tom for everything. In the novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† Daisy can not settle on her significant other Tom and her past sweetheart Gatsby. In section seven it states, â€Å"As Tom left the room again Daisy got up and headed toward Gatsby, and pulled his face down kissing him on the mouth. † She then mumbled, â€Å"You realize I love you. † This shows she doesn't have her very own character and that she can not settle on choices alone. In part one, Miss Baker states, â€Å"We should design something. † Daisy at that point answers, â€Å"All right, what will we plan? † She at that point went to Nick, the storyteller, powerlessly and asked, â€Å"What do individuals plan? † She carries on with an overflowing way of life with her well off spouse and she gets all that she needs. In part one Nick states, â€Å"Their house was considerably increasingly expound that I expected, a happy red and white Georgian Colonial manor neglecting the straight. † Money is the wellspring of her satisfaction as she states, â€Å"I’m p-incapacitated with bliss. † In â€Å"The Sun Also Rises,† Brett is an amazingly appealing young lady. In the book Jake, the storyteller, states, â€Å"With them was Brett. She looked stunning. † Also, Brett doesn't give in effectively to similarity as most ladies of that time. She wants to drink in huge interims as did the vast majority of the individuals during the timeframe the story occurred. A portion in section seven states, â€Å"Let’s appreciate somewhat more of this,† Brett pushed her glass forward. At that point Mrs. Barnes states, â€Å"She is the main woman I have referred to who was as enchanting when she was flushed as when she was calm. † Brett is free and doesn't depend on a solitary man for anything. She settles on her own choices and takes care of herself ordinary. Brett’s way of life is a long way from impeccable on the grounds that she doesn't generally claim any belongings, yet she is upbeat. Different females at times view her as a prostitute or skank exclusively in light of the fact that she is extraordinary, however she picks the way of life she lives and cherishes it. To demonstrate this point genuine Jake states, â€Å"Brett was brilliant. She was glad. The sun was out and the day was splendid. † The contrasts among Daisy and Brett are apparent to the peruser. They are nearly as direct inverses whenever broke down intently. Daisy and Brett have particularly various perspectives on congruity, various sorts of characters, and two very surprising ways of life.

Enigma Gold Star Winners!

Enigma Gold Star Winners! To follow up on this entry Thanks for playing Engima Wrapped In A Riddle! Don, tell them what theyve won. Wow! I am impressed by how many of you met the challenge. Initially we had planned to only award one winner, but by the list you can see we are feeling the holiday cheer! The following 20 individuals will get the gold star. If you are listed below, email me (bgnance at mit) your complete name and mailing address and we will send you your gold star. (Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.) If you are interested in seeing more of John Kosticks handiwork, please visit the Quadric Designs website. Until the next time, stay tuned to the MIT network All Numbers, All The Time. First place six-axis and tetraxis winner: (Drum roll in your head) Posted by: Ana L on November 27, 2007 04:32 PM Second place tetraxis winners: (Extended, really long and annoying drum roll) (Please hold all applause until all winners have come to the stage) 1  Posted by: Kim  on November 27, 2007 04:20 PM 2  Posted by: Vika  on November 27, 2007 04:50 PM 3  Posted by: Jai  on November 27, 2007 04:59 PM 4  Posted by: Berkeley  on November 27, 2007 05:29 PM 5  Posted by: Louis  on November 27, 2007 05:31 PM 6  Posted by: Kevin X  on November 27, 2007 06:01 PM 7  Posted by: Chris  on November 27, 2007 06:18 PM (commented to give his prize to Melis) 8  Posted by: Merritt B  on November 27, 2007 06:28 PM 9 Posted by: Lauren S. on November 27, 2007 06:48 PM 10 Posted by: donaldGuy  on November 27, 2007 06:53 PM 11 Posted by: SKishore  on November 27, 2007 07:13 PM 12 Posted by: Karen  on November 27, 2007 07:49 PM 13 Posted by: Keshav P  on November 27, 2007 08:12 PM 14 Posted by: Will  on November 27, 2007 08:45 PM 15 Posted by: intleyes  on November 27, 2007 08:56 PM 16 Posted by: Zev Chonoles  on November 28, 2007 06:21 AM 17 Posted by: harrison  on November 28, 2007 04:49 PM 18 Posted by: Vihang  on November 29, 2007 03:24 AM 19  Posted by: Shantini  on November 29, 2007 06:58 AM 20 Posted by: Leo V  on November 30, 2007 10:11 AM

Why Alcohol And Drug Addiction Is Considered A Disease

Offenders that are frequently arrested for drugs and/ or alcohol should be obligated to participate in a treatment program. Individuals that have a dependency on drugs and or alcohol show a need for treatment programs. On the webpage, Enterhealth: Why Alcohol and Drug Addiction is Considered a Disease, the writers (2008 – 2010) said, addiction is considered a brain disease because alcohol and drugs literally change the brain chemically, structurally and functionally. Scientist have performed researches on rebuilding the brain after it has been abused by drugs and or alcohol. Since treatment programs are not a one size fits all, there is a need for different types of treatment program. Inside of these treatment programs the offender will learn the skills and gain tools they need to apply to everyday life. Society assumes that when offenders are released from prison or jail, they are cured and will be a righteous citizen in their community. This assumption is truly not the case, these offenders are addicts and addicts need to be screened treated for their disease. Screening the addict for a specific treatment program is an important step. Bellessa and Hanser (2008) said, it is important in community supervision to be able to successfully and accurately screen for drug abuse (Pg. 218). Treatment designers have developed a tool to make screening the addicts a little bit easier. There is a sequence of questions that the offender/addict needs to answer truthfully to get the bestShow MoreRelatedEssay On Addiction And Alcohol810 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction and Mood and Affect Discussion Drug and alcohol addiction can be described as a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, and difficult to control use of these substances despite harmful consequences to the drug addict and those around them. 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Mate is describing that most of his patients are addicted to cocaine, alcohol, and heroin(Mate 320).This means that most of the people in Downtown Eastside are addicts to illegal substances such as Cocaine, Heroine etc. Addict is someone who cannot survive without particular substanceRead MoreArgumentative Essay Addiction1629 Words   |  7 Pages Why is it that when a person is diagnosed, for example, with diabetes, they are provided with Social Security Disability Benefits and a number of free welfare benefits, but the majority of people diagnosed with addiction receives little to no treatment. According to the article Treating Addiction as a Chronic Disease, †Health officials estimate 22 million people in the U.S. abuse alcohol or drugs or both and only around 10 percent of them are in treatment.† Deciding whether addiction is deserving

Education in America vs. Education in Third World...

Education in America vs. Education in Third World Countries A few weeks ago, I was walking downtown, when this random came up to me and said â€Å"You in school? That’s good, that’s good. Education is important.† From the state of her hair and clothes, and the smell of her breath, I assumed she was homeless. I didn’t really pay much attention to her, because homeless people are so common in downtown Atlanta. I was just hoping that she wasn’t going to ask me for any money! After a while, I started thinking about what the homeless woman had said; â€Å"Education is important.† Growing up, I had always been taught that people who lived in the streets had been afforded the same opportunities as I had, but they had simply chosen to ignore them.†¦show more content†¦While 99% of the country is literate, a test conducted by National Assessment of Adult Literacy 14% of US residents have increased difficulty reading at their level. According to the afore stated definition, these people can be classified as illiterate, because they don’t met the standards of what is considered literate, since they have difficulty reading at their proficiency level. Is the lack of literacy due to lack of focus in class while the foundation for reading and writing were being laid, or does 1% of the United States Population that are classified as illiterate completely comprised of people who live with dyslexia? I can’t imagine that the government would knowingly incorporate people with documented learning disabilities when it comes time to calculate our nation’s literacy rate. That would be almost intentionally miscuing the results, because you’re including people who have hindrances that keep them from reading and writing at a level equal with their age. It’s also just downright insulting. Can you imagine not only having the s disability that makes you work twice as hard, but to be called illiterate for something you have no control over? Centuries ag o, the idea of being able to read and write was a mere parlor dream among the majority of our population. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay Prevailing in Brown vs. Board of Education952 Words   |  4 Pagesin Brown v Board of Education In my research I will go through all the information regarding the case that changed America. The Brown vs Board of Education which began in 1951. In my search I will go through the differences of the trail and some similarities of society today. My research there was a case that set the entire mood which was the Plessy vs Ferguson that allowed segregation in schools. Colors and whites were still equal but only in different schools. Brown vs board began with 13Read MoreBenefits of Studying Abroad1262 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Education of Students. The nature of this data was a survey response. 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Natural Calamity in Uttrakhand Free Essays

As a child I was amused at the premonition of the Soothsayer when he predicted the Death of Julius Caesar, who out of sheer vanity not only discarded his advice, but also admonished him for the same. A similar analogy can be drawn to the travesty that now surrounds Uttarakhand, the sole exception being, the vanity and obliviousness of the Government has gravely pulverized the State Exchequer and costed the lives of its own denizens, as against the death of one ruler. The blame game, which is a necessary by product of every mishappening in our country, has already begun, where both the Central Government as well as the State Government are rebuking each other and their predecessors in chair for faulty policy making, ineffective implementation, absence of rescue and relief strategy, steaming constitutional debates on whether the present system should be governed under Entry 56 of the Union List or under Entry 17 of the Sate List, and the classic press release phrase â€Å"mis-governance†. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Calamity in Uttrakhand or any similar topic only for you Order Now What lies on the other hand of this scale is innumerable unreported deaths, devastation of public property, and over sixty thousand stranded people, who are yet to be afforded anything as remotely close to the term â€Å"relief†. Genesis of the Problem and Observations made by the CAG Report India boasts of being ranked sixth in terms of largest hydel power generation capacity countries. Domestically, hydel power accounts for 1/4th of India’s dependence on energy. The Hydel Power Report of Uttarakhand published in the year 2008, categorically acclaims that the State has the potential to harness almost 20,000 MW of electricity through hydel power. Blinded with such ambitious target, the State Government failed to notice, either deliberately or otherwise, the very first objective on the same page, which has been reproduced as: â€Å"To harness the environment friendly Renewable Energy resources and enhance their contribution to the socioeconomic development of the State. Another important objective which the State while implementing the said project, was oblivious to, is â€Å"To enhance the use of energy sources that assist in mitigating environmental pollution. † The current policies, as the CAG Report categorically points out, are aimed at aggravating and not mitigating environmental pollution, and have been a cause of the floods in and around the region. Periphrastically speaking, the ngoing havoc that was witnessed in Uttarakhand was preordained in the report published by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India as late as in 2009, reproaching the Central Government and the Government of Uttarakhand for its dual role of faulty hydro power policy making as well as ineffective policy implementation. Some of the main concerns highlighted in the CAG Report are: 1. Due to the over ambitious policy of the State Government to create multiple river channels, and multiple power projects on the same tributary, a serious endangerment of environment is certainty. With over 42 Projects currently functioning, and 203 projects in construction and clearance stage, at every 6 – 7 kms stretch, there will be a dam to obstruct the flow of the river. 2. All the projects are based on high seismic areas in and around districts chamoli, rudra prayag, pithoragarh, Almora and despite severe earth quakes in 1720, 1803, 1991, and 1999 the multiplicity of hydro power projects, without adequate counter seismic measures continue to run rogue thereby causing serious risk to the lives of the people. 3. There is a clear enumeration of Flash Floods which would result in severe destruction to life and property in and around the low lying areas of the hills. Table Appended to the Report has further highlighted various instances wherein such flash floods have occurred previously in the same areas. 4. No evidence to suggest that for failure to comply with the conditions of Environmental Impact Assessment, a penalty was imposed on the builders. 5. Failure of the nodal agency to ensure submission of quarterly and half yearly compliance reports by the management. . Flagrant Negligence towards Environmental and Security Concerns. 7. The adverse impact on the ecology was further underscored by the fact that almost 4 out of 5 Power Projects have shown the complete drying up of river beds to a trickle resulting into severe impairment and devastation of the ecology, and imbalance in the water table resulting into drying up of natural aquifers in the nearby areas. 8. According to International Standards, the minimum discharge of river downstream should be maintained at 75 % so that the aquatic life remains intact. However, the present projects are discharging downstream river by 90 % and above which results into complete devastation of the aquatic life. 9. Faulty Pre-Feasibility Survey Reports, which gives inaccurate data for evaluation of the hydro power station, which means serious short comings in ascertaining whether the location to construct is feasible or not, questions on plant efficiency and what would be the impact of soil erosion, etc. remain in a state of serious jeopardy. 10. As much as 38 % of the total projects which have been granted an Environmental Clearance have failed to carry out mandatory plantation. By – Passing The Law As per the Gazette notification issued by the Central Government under Sections 2 and 3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986, the area surrounding the river Bhagirathi from Gaumukh to Uttarkashi, which is 135 kms stretch, was declared to be â€Å"eco sensitive area†. A total area of about 4179. 59 sq km came under the eco-sensitive zone. This will impose restrictions on quarrying, commissioning hydropower projects on Bhagirathi, and construction of roads in the prohibited area. Besides, it will impose a ban on felling of trees and setting up of factories to manufacture furniture and other wooden items. For the purposes of effective implementation, the State Government, with the help of the local NGO’s and people was mandated to formulate a Zonal Master Plan surrounding the area, whereby every hydel power which is below 20 MW of Power Generation Capacity had to take a clearance from the State Ministry. However, the State Government opposed the said notification in May as they were not â€Å"consulted† before this policy was formulated; among concerns voiced by the citizens that an embargo on development would send them back to the Stone Age, which in reality was not what the notification envisaged. This mutual blame game and inter-ministerial trifles have led to such travesty. Today the very area surrounding Bhagirathi and parts of Uttarkashi are the worst hit areas of the State. Travesty of Environmental Clearance. Another notification issued by the Central Government warrants deliberation. It was mandated that before sanctioning the projects, or before expanding or modernizing hitherto existing projects, it was obligatory to procure an Environmental Impact Assessment Clearance from the Central Government and the State Government. Every Hydel Power project was subjected to the same strictures as have been mandated under Section 3(1) and Section 3(2) (v) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Such an EIA has to be in conformity with the Standards laid down by the National Environment Policy, and the guidelines that have been made under Rule 5 of the Environment Protection Rules. There are four stages before procuring an Environmental Clearance: 1. Screening wherein the projects are divided into two categories, those to be assessed by the Central Government (Category A Projects which are over and above 25 MW capacity power projects), and those to be assessed by the State Government (Under 25 MW Capacity Power Projects). 2. Scoping by which the Expert Committee determines on detailed concerns (current and probable) regarding Environmental Depletion or damage, at which stage the Committee is empowered to allow or reject the application seeking commencement of the project. 3. Public Consultation which provides for a public consultation held in the auspices of the site, obtain responses of all stake holders, villagers, etc. in writing and to be supervised by the State Pollution Control Board, but which specifically excludes â€Å"modernization of irrigation projects† out of its domain. . Appraisal which means the detailed scrutiny by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee of the application and other documents like the Final EIA report, outcome of the public consultations including public hearing proceedings, submitted by the applicant to the regulatory authority concerned for grant of environmental clearance. In addition to the aforementioned checks and balances, there is a periodic Post Environment Clearance monitoring which are to be submitted on a half yearly basis by the management. This provides a very rosy picture of the law that governs such clearances; however the reality is far from such notion. For instance, according to the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, as much as 38 % of the total industries and projects functioning in the area, and which have received a green signal to operate, have not complied with the mandatory plantation of trees in and around the site. This has resulted into serious deforestation in the hilly areas, which results into soil erosion. Himalayas being young fold mountains, have a very unstable soil compaction, as compared to other mountain ranges, because of which soil erosion can assume cataclysmic proportions, it is also the reason why rivers are changing their natural course and cutting deep crevices in the hills, wreaking havoc amongst those who stand in its way. Are we to blame? This is one perpetual question, which warrants a sordid introspection. Reports have also suggested that illegal construction of motels, rest houses, guest houses, hotels and restaurants have been made in the river bed, whereas a notification issued by the State Government clearly prohibits any illegal construction in or around 100 metres from the river bed. This is supplementary to the damage that has already been carried out by the Government. Media reports further stipulate that there was no effective functioning authority in the name of â€Å"State Disaster Management Authority†. The moot question that now faces us is whether this calamity was â€Å"natural† at all, or was it brought about by our own fallacies, inactions, deliberate obliviousness, and negligence. History is replete with instances of civilizations crashing under the might of Natural Forces, and with the present rate of depletion, the future of the Upper Gangetic Basin and the Himalayas hangs in a very delicate balance. How to cite Natural Calamity in Uttrakhand, Papers

Point of Sale W/ Inventory System free essay sample

Proposed Point of Sale with Inventory System for Botica Capas I. Introduction Most companies nowadays use computers in transacting with their clients. Companies are now making their systems computerized because using a computerized system will help the company minimize the time and efforts consumed by using manual system. Drugstores sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy, cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments. A sale refers to the exchange of product or services for an amount of money or its equivalent while Inventory in a business, is a total amount of goods and the act of counting them. A company owner must know the precise number of items in their storage areas in order to place orders and control losses. Computerizing both Sales and Inventory System will make an easier and faster transaction with the customers as well as monitoring the stocks of the products. The benefit of Point of Sale with Inventory system is that this system makes a business much more efficient, lowering the costs of running the business while improving customer service and making the business more pleasant to work in while Computerized inventory system helps management control the inventories, in turn lowering overall operating costs in the areas of labor, facilities and logistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Point of Sale W/ Inventory System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A computerized inventory system also improves customer-service metrics and fulfillment rates. I. I Company Background In 1979, Benita P. Zarate started Botica Capas with two employees. From the beginning, his goal has been to operate this business to help her countryman. With the help of God, now he has two establishments. And has grown to include ten employees and sell more products to meet the needs of the growing number of customers. - - - - - - - - - - BOTICA CAPAS - BENITA P. ZARATE - OWNER / MANAGER ____________________________________________________________ ___ RUBY VANESSA ZARATE EMMA PINEDA PHARMACIST I (MAIN) PHARMACIST II (BRANCH) RUBEN ZARATE SR. BOY PINEDA SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR CLERK CLERK GINA BITNAN ARLENE CUNANAN MICHELLE QUIAMBAO LUZ CALMA PYCES TUBO JESUSA PINEDA KC LABASAN DANG PINEDA HENRY AQUINO I. 2 Overview of the Present System Their current system is actually manual. They have no existing computerized sales with inventory system so that they relies on the manual process of selling and they use a manual inventory system that relies on using documents on an active, day-to-day basis for a precise report at any time. So that due to their system, their services was quite slow. I. 3 Project Rationale * Future Researchers For the future researchers this system may serve as their reference in developing their own system. * Customers Computerizing both Sales and Inventory System will make an easier and faster transaction with the customers. * Employee Employee is one of the important human resources of a business. So by having a computerized system employee can now lessen the waste of valuable time and to become more productive. Botica Capas For Botica Capas Point of Sale w/ Inventory system can helps management control the inventories, in turn lowering overall operating costs in the areas of labor and also improves customer-service metrics and fulfillment rates. * Dominican College of Tarlac 2. Statement of the Problem 2. I General Problem The general problem of the study is to maintain an accurate inventory. There is always an issue reconciling stock in and stock out as a miss count on delivery can throw the system a curve ball. Dealing with return of a product also has its issues as stock needs to be either be- returned and can go back in to the selling/supply route or returned and is not of a quality which will allow the product top be placed in the selling/supply route. 2. I. I Specific Problem 2. 1. 1. 1 Manual POS system occur many problems such as math errors, items not charged for, unreadable orders, inconsistent pricing, theft, uncontrolled food and labor costs, bad checks. 2. 1. 1. 2 And on Manual Inventory system, Inventory inaccuracy is an issue in businesses dealing with physical assets. The impact of inaccurate inventory records on the performance of retailers such as Botica Sto. Rosario can be severe because the stores rely on the inventory record to make important operational decisions, * Stock loss, also known as shrinkage in industry, includes all forms of loss of the products available for sale. One common example is theft, which can be committed by both shoppers (external theft) and employees (internal theft). * Transaction error occurs typically at the inbound and outbound sides of the facility. At the inbound side, shipments that arrive from the suppliers have to be registered into the store information system. * Inaccessible inventory refers to products that are somewhere in the facility but are not available because they cannot be found. This can happen when a consumer takes a product from the shelf and places it at another location. * Incorrect product identification can occur in several different ways, wrong label can be placed on the products by both the suppliers and the stores. Incorrect identification can also happen during manual inventory counts. 2. Proposed Research Project 2. 2. 1 General Objective: The main objective of the project is to provide better system to the owner and to prevent the problems occur on it. 2. 2. 2 Specific Objective: The specific objective of our group is to achieve the following: * To protect the company against theft, to make sure that product purchased from a supplier is correctly dispensed to the customer, to make sure that every empl oyee is aware of the cost of bad inventory management, and to solve the problems occur on the current system. * Accurate Availability Information. This provides routine and regular cycle counts keep inventory levels accurate, which in turn assists the sales department in providing delivery and availability information to their customers. * One of the objectives of a Point of sale system is inventory management. This systems use bar code identification in receiving, tracking and selling inventory items. Rather than expending labor hours to monitor stock levels, determine when to reorder low stock items or to record the sale of specific items, the POS system can automate much of the processes involved in monitoring and managing inventory. A Point of Sale system can also monitor the cost of goods sold, purchase price, sale price and profit margins, allowing users to pull reports and determine when to adjust customer pricing. 3. Scope and Limitation The scope of sales is connected to the nature of sales. This is the way in which manage meant team go around ensuring that as many sales as possible are to be made and that there is to be a profit within the company to ensure that they are to be successful. The limitations of sales are different for many companies, however, there are going to be different legal aspects that all sales teams have to ensure that they abide by and do not have any trouble with. This is to ensure that the company is to be as successful as possible and that they are not to encounter any problems. Inventory systems provide a basis for recording sales and purchases. The scope of an inventory system considers which needs the inventory system addresses. The limitations of an inventory system include a false sense of reliability, and dependence on human entry.

Interpersonal Skills for the Digital World free essay sample

It seems everyone you meet these days, from students in elementary school to their great-grandparents, has a cell phone. In addition, most people have other electronic devices as well, including tablets, laptop computers, and MP3 players. These devises have inarguably made worldwide communication much easier. However, as is often the case, convenience has come with a price. I did not grow up in the digital age. When I was a child, the biggest revolution in interpersonal communication was the touch tone phone, and that was greeted with skepticism by my parents (â€Å"What’s so hard about dialing a phone that you need push buttons? †). In the 1970s, however, electronic communication took off. Fax machines were a wondrous invention, as was the clunky â€Å"car phone. † I remember my soon-to-be husband telling me in the late 1970s, that some day I would not only have a computer in my home, but that I would use it to send text, sound, pictures, and video all over the world, virtually instantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpersonal Skills for the Digital World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Frankly, I thought he was a nut. If he had also told me that the computer would be small enough to fit in my pocket or purse, and I would also be able to make phone calls from it, I probably wouldn’t have married him. Yet here we are, and it is indeed a wondrous age. The only problem is that some people don’t seem to know when to unplug. There is nothing more disconcerting to me than when I am talking to someone and they pull out their phone and start checking their messages. I’ve seen couples out on dates paying more attention to their phones than to each other. And there isn’t a teacher or trainer I know who hasn’t had to cope with students taking phone calls during class. In Adult Basic Education, we see another effect of the digital age, especially in our younger students. They are so used to texting, and using the abbreviations commonly used in texts, that they routinely use these abbreviations in all their writing. Teaching the difference between formal and informal writing, or business and personal communication, now must include a lesson on spelling. While using the common abbreviations may be all right when sending a text for business purposes, it isn’t appropriate in all settings. In general, business communications, including e-mails, should have a more formal tone than is appropriate in personal communications. This means the standard rules of language, including proper grammar and spelling, should be applied. In addition, I have found that most of my younger students have never addressed an envelope, much less written a letter by hand. While a case can be made that these skills are no longer necessary in an age where electronic communication is the norm, and everything from banking to writing Grandma a thank you note can be done from a cell phone, we are in fact not a paperless society quite yet. I guess that will happen by the time the Baby Boomers have died off, but for now, these are skills that people still need to have. As for myself, I have the opposite problem. For me it is not a matter of learning how to when to turn off the phone or how to write a business letter. On the contrary, I need to learn how to be more adept at using the latest technology. Because my students and colleagues communicate electronically, I need to be comfortable with that technology as well. However, dedicated cell phone users need to remember that cell phone technology is not available everywhere. In many areas around the world, including rural areas in the United States, there is no cell phone service. I do not have cell phone service at my house; in addition, the only internet option available other than dial-up is a satellite connection, which means I have limited bandwidth. While I can do quite a lot with my satellite internet, I cannot enjoy all the advantages of digital communication that many people take for granted. Conclusion With each generation, digital technology becomes more commonplace. It seems that the latest device is hardly in the market before it is obsolete, and new advances are greeted not so much with amazement but more with annoyance they took so long are still not perfect. Still, we are not yet a completely wireless, paperless society. Without a doubt, anyone doing business in the digital age should be comfortable using electronic communication technology. However, that does not mean that common courtesy should be neglected. In my opinion, the live person in front of you should take precedence over the electronic gadget in your hand. I think if people at least follow this rule, they won’t go too far wrong in either their business or personal communications.

Sociology of Everyday Life

Sociology of Everyday Life Sociologists and philosophers have developed a number of theories to explain everyday life and other related issues such as social relations, face to face interactions, the construction and conception of social realities among others. While some sociologists believe that every day life is a stream of disorganized events, others contradict this view and propose that daily events are deliberately contracted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is among the many definitions of sociology of everyday life (Allan 53). The sociology of everyday life is important to the study of Sociology since it enables sociologist to understand the complexities of everyday life and the factors that determine social interactions. Harold Garfinkel and Erving Goffman are among major sociologists who have contributed to the study of sociology of every day life. Goffman and Garfinkel agree that there exist social rules which govern daily lives. By following these rules, people become actors. Furthermore, through daily interactions people express themselves. Therefore, Garfinkel’s and Goffman’s contributions are vital to the understanding the sociology of everyday life Garfinkel’s and Goffman’s ideologies on the sociology of daily life have been interpreted differently by critics. However, the two sociologists agree that through social interactions, societies are made (Allan 257). Garfinkel and Goffman further agree that there exist rules which govern how people interact. These rules are socially constructed and are the basis of establishing a well ordered society. Goffmanian school of thought postulates that social rules are useful in daily life interactions since they not only help in directing social interactions but also help people to make â€Å"social meaning and the definition of the self† (Maynard 278). In this regard, Goffmanian school of thought suggests that self identity is created through social interactions. To explain this concept, Goffman uses heterosexuals as examples and suggest that heterosexuals can determine how people perceive them by managing how they appear in public. According to Garfinkel daily interactions are governed by preexisting rules which cannot be easily changed (Allan 83). This implies that the society is made up of rigid rules, whose adherence determines how people fit into it. Garfinkel and Goffman acknowledge that societies cannot exist without rules. Furthermore, both Goffman and Garfinkel focus on the relationship between people and these rules. Both Garfinkel and Goffman postulate that people’s lives are governed by existing rules. This suggests that people are actors in every day life. Goffman suggest that rules enable people to conduct daily interactions. By asserting that rules are interactions enablers, Goffman elevates people above the rules.Advertisin g Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that social rules exist to serve the complex and dynamic nature of human interactions needs. As such, the rules can change or be violated as human needs evolve. Goffman adds that violating the rules does not threaten social interactions but enables actors to derive new social meanings. As such, through social interactions, people portray their self-centeredness (Allan 56). Similarly, Garfinkel explains that social interactions occur within rigid social rules. However, Garfinkel contradicts Goffman and explains that social norms do not change within the course of interaction. As such people become actors since they follow predetermined social norms. This implies that, unlike Goffman, Garfinkel elevates social rules above the actor. As such, the rules do not exist to serve the actor but to govern the way the actors conduct daily interact ions (Maynard 278). Therefore, actors have to continuously learn what the society requires of them so as to maintain social order. Both Garfinkel and Goffman assert that daily interactions are a way of expressing the self. Garfinkelian school of thought postulates that a person is made up of two major components; personality and the self. These components don’t evolve but are constructed. The self is different from the personality. Sociology does not explain personality since the personality is not constructed socially. Rather, it is constructed psychologically. On the other hand, psychology cannot explain the self since the self is constructed socially. Therefore, self identity is constructed through the sociology of everyday life. Garfinkelian school of thought concludes that daily interactions not only help to construct but also to express the self (Allan 54). Similarly, Goffmanian school of thought stipulates that the self is expressed through social interactions. The sel f is covert and the only way it can be revealed is through face-to-face interactions. Through these interactions, people give social signal which reveal personal traits. These social signals help others form notions about us (Allan 157). As such, Garfinkel and Goffman suggest that social interactions not only help in forming self identity but also expressing it. Garfinkel and Goffman have made major contributions to sociology of everyday life, with significant effects on the wider field of sociology. The two sociologists have asserted that the society is a product of social interactions since people construct and derive meaning through face to face interactions. Within the process of daily interactions, there exist rules which govern how people interact. As such, people become actors. Social interactions are also significant since they not only enable people to express themselves but also in contracting self identity. Despite the fact that Garfinkel and Goffman differ on some aspect s, their theories have made significant contribution to sociology of everyday life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Allan, Kenneth. Contemporary Social and Sociological Theory: Visualizing Social ` Words. Thousands Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2010. Print. Maynard, Douglas. â€Å"Goffman, Garfinkel, and Games.† Sociological Theory 9.2 (1991): ` 277-279. Web.

Understanding & Researching Consumer Buyer Behaviour Essay

Understanding & Researching Consumer Buyer Behaviour - Essay Example Understanding & Researching  Consumer Buyer  Behavior However, it is vital to take note that local market situations, exchange systems, as well as certain cultural aspects, play a significant role in how consumers perform impulse behaviors. This paper will examine the nature of impulse buying, describing the how marketers can incorporate knowledge of customers’ impulse buying tendencies to their marketing strategies. Nature of Impulse Buying Behavior Impulse buying is essentially unreflective behavior that fails to conform to the rational, well-thought decision making standpoint in terms of consumer buyer tendencies or actions. The process of impulse buying is an extremely complex goal process that centers on reaction and emotion as its primary driving forces. This is largely because consumers engage in the process of impulse buying without engaging in concrete thoughts regarding their actions or conducting an evaluation of their intended deeds. According to Rook (116) consumers engaging in impulse buying are unlikely to consider the implications or think carefully and logically prior to making the purchase. The attention of such consumers is channeled towards the immediate gratification inherent in responding to the desire or urge to make the purchase instead of identifying and solving a preexisting issue or finding a product to fulfill a predetermined need. In addition, consistent with other forms of impulsiveness, impulse buying is also immediate, meaning that the process occurs in the span of several minutes and is not premeditated. Impulse Buying Behavior After the year 1982 when marketing researchers started to re-focus their attention on impulse buying actions, marketers started to ponder over the behavioral dimensions inherent in impulse buying. However, recently marketers appear to believe that impulse buying involves both affective and hedonic components. For instance, in his researcher, Rook (89) provided the assertions of consumers who reported that they felt the products â€Å"calling† t hem nearly demanding that the consumers purchase the products. This indicates on intense emphasis on the behavioral aspect of impulse buying, which, in turn, resulted in the definition of impulse buying as behavior that takes place when consumers experience sudden urges, usually persistent and powerful to purchase something instantly. The urge or purchase is hedonically intricate and has the potential of stimulating emotional conflict. Furthermore, impulse buying typically occurs with diminished consideration of its consequences (Rook 191). There are essentially five critical aspects embedded in impulse buying. These elements include a spontaneous and sudden urge to act; the action in this sense being the urge to make a purchase. Secondly, impulse buying also involves a position of psychological disequilibrium whereby a consumer’s emotions are in disarray concerning the act of making a purchase. Thirdly, impulse buying involves the emergence of psychological struggle and conf lict as consumers struggle with the urge to buy on impulse. Furthermore, impulse buying entails a dramatic reduction in the consumer’s cognitive evaluation abilities. This reduction is what forms the urge to make an instant purchase without taking into consideration the immediate or long term implications of such

Contract Case Map Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract Case Map - Essay Example She alleges that because she had asked for two bedrooms in her suite and not two bathrooms, this in effect amended the contract. GE Marquette Medical Systems is a company that had engaged the Biomedical Systems Corp. to make home uterine activity monitors (a.k.a. HUAM) These medical devices are regulated by the FDA. The contract between GE and Biomedical contained stipulations which stated that GE had to obtain pre-market notification clearance from the FDA, which for that purpose, Biomedical needed to give 90 days notice of intent to market the device to the FDA. The 90 day notice is for the FDA to check if the HUAM is substantially similar to other devices already approved for sale. However, GE instead requested that the FDA reclassify the HUAM device, which is a process that took over three years to complete. Thus, Biomedical sued GE for breach of contract and the jury awarded it damages. GE filed an appeal on the allegation that that the clearance procedure Biomedical wanted in the contract violated FDA procedure. The Supreme Court affirmed the lower ocurt's ruling. The Court struck down GE's raising the defense of illegality because this defense is not available. The contract with Biomedical clearly stated that GE would apply for clearance which it failed to do. Furthermore, the Court held that the FDA itself would have decided if clearance was proper. Petitoner won the case Kain v. Bluemound East Industrial Park, Inc., 2001 WL 1042674 (Ct. App., Wisc., 2001) Bluemound East is in the business of real estate, and had sold to Kain a parcel of land, which had been filled. Kain had informed Bluemound that he intended to construct a building which would exert 3,000 pounds per square foot. Bluemound stated that the land was safe for that building, and even warranted it in the contract. Kain had built a building that exerted even less than 3,000 pounds per square foot, and in a few years had sunk 2 inches. This resulted in Kain having to pay substantial sums for damage repair and preventive measures against further sinking. He then filed suit against Bluemound for breach of warranty. The lower court dismissed the claim for lack of evidence, thus Kain appealed. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's ruling. It held that Bluemound had made a warranty as documented in the contract of sale, which is an assurance by one party to a contract of the existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely. A warranty is intended to relieve the promisee of any duty to ascertain the fact for himself, and amounts to a promise to indemnify the promisee for any loss if the fact warranted proves untrue. Seeing as the warranty by Bluemound is clear and unambiguous, and proof that the sinking was not due to Kain's own fault or negligence, the lower court is reversed. Petitoner won the

Field Trip To Observatoire De Haute-Provence Report

Field Trip To Observatoire De Haute-Provence Report Shaoshan Zeng Abstract A group of 9 students from University College London (UCL) will be visiting the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) in France between 14th February and 22nd February 2015. Students are expected to use the CCD camera on the 1.20m telescope to image two RR Lyrae variable stars: XY CVn and RR Gem. Also, students will use the Aurelie spectrograph on the 1.52m telescope to obtain high resolution spectra of bright spectroscopic binary systems within the spectral region 4070-4130Ã…. The main content of this report will focus on the observing facilities available at the OHP and background information of the objects to be targeted. And the last section of this report is the observing diary containing all the data obtained at the telescope. Contents Overview of l’Observatorie de Haute-Provence (OHP) Brief History Location Previous scientific work Observing conditions Observing Instruments The 1.20m Telescope The 1.52m Telescope The Aurelie Spectrogrph Scientific Programme for 1.2m Telescope Scientific Programme for 1.52m Telescope Targets RR Lyrae variable stars Spectroscopic binaries Observing Diary References Appendix 1. Light curves of RR Lyrae variables. Appendix 2. Finder Charts 1. Overview of l’Observatorie de Haute-Provence (OHP) History The observatory is owned by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and is funded by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU). Originally, OHP was built as a national facility for Frence astronomers in 1937 and later on in 1949, the facilities at the OHP were available to be used by foreign visiting astronomers. In 1943, the first astronomical observations were made with the 1.20m telescope and the first research paper were published a year later. 1.2 Location OHP is located in St Michel, near Forcalquier in the Alpes de Haute-Provence, south-east France. The coordinates of OHP are: Longitude = 0h 22m 52s E Latitude = +43 ° 55’ 46† Altitude = 650m Previous scientific work OHP has done some remarkable work on the detection of extra-solar planets. This studies started with the discovery of 51 Peg-b in 1995 using the ELODIE spectrograph on the 1.93m telescope and followed by many more discoveries such as Glises 876, the third closest known star to the Sun were found in 1998 and HD190228b was announced in 2000 as a giant planet orbiting the host star. In 2006, ELODIE was replaced by a stabilised high resolution spectrograph called SOPHIE at the 1.93m telescope of OHP. It is operated by using a large survey for search for northern extrasolar planets through the radial velocity method. Nowadays, SOPHIE plays a significant contribution to the follow-up of transiting exoplanet candidates from photometric surveys include SWASP, CoRoT and Kepler. 1.4 Observing Conditions The reason for OHP grounded on this site is mainly because the benefit of having higher probabilities on clear sky and favourable weather conditions throughout the year and the average atmospheric extinction at OHP is approximately twice that for ESO at La Silla. On average, about 60% of nights are considered to be suitable for astronomical observations. This can be showed by the yearly breakdown which based on a statistics made from 1965 to 2004: 170 nights are excellent conditions, 50 nights with very slight cloud and 70 nights are being partly cloudy. Despite of the weather conditions, the image quality is also the key factor to provide good observation. At OHP, the seeing disk is around 2 arcsec and can be lower down to 1 arcsec occasionally which compares to the image quality at ULO is about 4-5 arcsec. However, about 45 days per year on average (commonly in winter) cold wind flows from the northwest which is known as Mistral would cause the degradation of seeing, sometimes the quality of the seeing can severely decline to over 10 arcsec. But the advantage of having the Mistral winds is good weather usually follow as the winds usually clear up the sky. 2. Observing Instruments There are four main telescopes operate at OHP: 1.93m, 1.52m, 1.20m and 0.80m. Typically, 1.52m and 1.20m telescopes will be used to undertake studies during the field trip. 2.1 The 1.20m Telescope This is the first telescope installed at OHP and operates since 1943. It only has a Newton focus which is corresponded to a focus ratio of f/6. As an improvement, the telescope is now equipped with a CCD camera for direct imaging and photometry. It is usually operated for studies of variability of X-ray sources, imaging of galaxies and H II regions as well as the faint solar system objects. 2.2 The 1.52m Telescope This is the telescope that have been in use since 1967 at OHP and is used accompanied with the high resolution Aurelie spectrograph which is positioned at the Coude focus. Thus, most of the spectroscopic studies are carried out by using this telescope. The Coude focus is the only focus of this telescope and the focal ratio is f/27.6 which is almost identical to the 1.52m telescope at the ESO at La Silla. Even though it needed to be pointed manually, all other functions are automated. The telescope is equipped with a CCD camera, used from acquiring the target and automatic guiding. The camera has a field of view of 3’ x 4’. 2.3 The Aurelie Spectrograph The Aurelie spectrograph is a high resolution spectrograph that has been developed and installed on the 1.52m telescope in 1989 at the OHP. The goal of using such high quality instrument is to obtain spectra at very high resolutions over the spectral range of 3900 to 10000Ã… and because of the average seeing conditions at the OHP, the Aurelie spectrograph is also designed to obtain the largest optical efficiency and small amount of scattered light with an entrance aperture at about 3 arcsec wide. The detector attached to the spectrograph is called Thomson TH7832 which is a linear array CCD-like detector. The array is made of 2048 pixels of which 2036 are usable. The advantage of using this detector is: it is very clean meaning it exhibits no interference fringes or persistence effects and this would give the benefit to detect very weak absorption lines. 3. Scientific Programme for 1.2m Telescope The main purpose of this programme is to obtain images of two RR Lyrae variable stars RR Gem and XY CVn by using Cousins B- and V-band filters followed by calibrating these images with respect to stars of known magnitude near to the target star. This will be down over the course of 6 nights with 1.2m telescope. As a result, light curves of these stars will be obtained over several cycles of variation in order to calculate the pulsation period of each of the two stars. The light curve of XY CVn will be compared to that of RR GEM as the light curve of XY CVn is more symmetrical. From experience gained last few years (between 2003 and 2014) of UCL field trips who also completed the task with the same telescope, CCD and filters conclude that the exposure times should be around 1-3 minutes in each of the filter for RR Gem and because XY CVn is fainter than RR Gem, it requires longer exposure time of around 4 minutes in each of the B and V-bands. If the star has magnitude at around 11, a s ignal to noise ratio of at least 100 should be obtained with a 60 second or even shorter exposure in the V-band. The same signal to noise ratio is also kept for the B-band. Other than evaluating the result obtaining in the programme, observations of these two targets will also be compared to those obtained during the UCL field trip of 2000 to 2014. This should give more accurate calculated period and overtone modulation of the light curves to the stars. RR Lyrae stars are pulsating variables with about half the mass of the Sun but probably much older and hotter than the Sun. They belong to low mass Population II and they are abundant in globular clusters. RR Lyrae variables are special because they growing larger and smaller in size with their brightness changing significantly. In general, they have periods of 0.2 to 1 day and spectral types of A2 to F6 which have an average effective temperature of 7000K and a luminosity typical around 80 Lsun. Some of them have similar light curves to those of Cepheid variables and obey a period luminosity relation which is approximately: Log10 P = -0.85M + constant These properties make RR Lyrae variables become excellent standard candles as if the period of time it takes for an RR Lyrae to go through its cycle of brightening and dimming is known, then the absolute luminosity of that star can be estimated. The absolute luminosity shows how bright a star would be if it was a certain distance away from us. From this, the distance to the star can be determined if the measure brightness of the star appear to us compared to its absolute luminosity. 4. Scientific Programme for 1.52m Telescope For this programme, the Aurelie spectrograph on the 1.52m telescope will be used to obtain high resolution spectra of a selection of targets which are known to be spectroscopic binary systems that in the spectral region of 4070-4130Ã…. By analysing these spectra, weak absorption lines should be resolved to measure the changes in the radial velocity of a star by applying the cross correlation technique. Since the field trip group in 2006 and 2010-2014 also completed the similar task with Aurelie, the analysed results from this field trip will be compared to those obtained in previous years and hopefully this will result in an improvement of phase coverage for all of the systems, especially for targets with long period. By combining all the data sets, a number of physical parameters such as the mass ratio, the mass function, the period and the orbital eccentricity can be estimated for each binary system. As HÃŽ ´ (ÃŽ »4101Ã…) is included in the targeted spectral region, the appea rance of this line in obtained spectra also need to be investigated as it changes as a function of spectral type. In order to resolve the weak lines and measure their wavelengths accurately, a spectrographic resolving power of at least R = 40000 is required. Such high resolution that in use should also provide accurate information of radial and rotational velocities for each target. A wavelength coverage of at least 60Ã… is needed to include enough weak lines simultaneously and to make sure the continuum level outside the HÃŽ ´ line could be estimated. Despite of these, useful weak lines can only be obtain with a signal to noise ratio of at least 250 due to the fact that the equivalent widths of the weak lines are expected to be with several mÃ…. And more importantly, the total integration time of all of the start should be controlled to be 120 minutes or less because the resolution of orbital phase of 1.52m telescope would become poor if longer exposure time is used. Spectroscopic binaries involve two stars orbiting around their common centre of mass. These two stars are so close together that can only be seen as one object, and over period of time, there is Doppler shift change in the observing spectrum. In other words, if the star does exist in a binary system, they are of similar luminosity, each spectral line will twice over the course of one orbit, split into two, reach a maximum separation and then move back together again due to the Doppler shift caused by their radial velocity. Among all the targets, the star ÃŽ ± Uma is of particular interest as it has a long period of 44 years while other target stars have relatively short periods and has an orbit that is not clearly determined. It thought to have passed periastron in 2000, so it would be interesting to compare its measured radial velocity with that from spectral obtained during 2006 to 2014. 5. Target stars 5.1 RR Lyrae Variable Stars The stars that will be observing for the investigation of the light curves of RR Lyrae variable stars on the 1.2m telescope are shown below in Table 1 along with their coordinate, magnitudes and period. Table 1. Investigate RR Lyrae variable stars RR Gem is a type â€Å"a† RR Lyrae variable, it is well located for observation between UT 18:00 to 24:00 in late January to February at OHP. This light curve of this type of star will show a steep increase in brightness at first, the brightness will then gently fade away until a minimum is reached. The finding charts for RR Gem can be found in Appendix 1. (A1) and the calibration stars are shown in Table 2 below. Table 2. Calibration stars for RR Gem XY CVn is a type â€Å"c† RR Lyrae variable, it is well located for observation in the morning in January and February at OHP. Different to RR Gem, the light curve of this type of star is more symmetrical. The finding charts for both target stars can be found in Appendix 1. 5.2 Spectroscopic binaries targets The stars for which I am responsible for background research for the programme occurring on the 1.52m telescope are shown in Table 3 below. Table 3. Spectroscopic binaries targets Both of the targets are circumpolar which will never set throughout the night, this makes them easily observable in night time. For HR 4072, it would be best observed at around 0:00-1:00 UT and ÃŽ ¹ CrB should be best observed at 6:00-7:00 UT as these time will be the target just across the meridian i.e at their highest point in the sky. However, 6:00-7:00UT would correspond to 7:00-8:00 local time at OHP, would pass the sun rise time and the sky is bright already. Thus, target ÃŽ ¹ CrB can be observed in the early morning before sunrise when it still high up in the sky before crossing the meridian. The finding charts for both target stars can be found in Appendix 2. 6. Observing Journal References http://www.obs-hp.fr -the OHP website http://www.simbad.com -online star catalogue http://www.aavso.org/ -online database for variable stars, obtain light curves and finding charts 2015 UCL Field Trip Observation Plans (Stephen Boyle, September 2014) Appendix 1 A1. Finding Chart of RR Gem (AAVSO) A2. Finding chart of XY CVn (AAVSO)

Fun with Education Essay

In a general sense, ‘education’ means a form of learning process in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training and research. Accordingly, education aims at the physical, intellectual, spiritual and moral development of man. Education merely does not give knowledge to a human being and enabling him to earn his livelihood. But it does much more than this. Nowadays, what we can see the society as a future teacher is the students do not have an interest in learning by the way of ‘chalk and talk’ anymore. They prefer something new from the teachers which are more interesting and fun. One of the most effective ways is including games in teaching and learning process. Education can be fun through games. As a sports teacher, we can build our student’s potential. Games are a mean of keeping the body healthy and fit. Indeed, good health is the first condition of happiness in life so those who play games generally maintain good health. For example, sports teacher can create interesting games that can help students in building up their critical thinking skills besides physical strength. They can learn different types of skills such as throwing, passing, and kicking in sports like basketball, football and others. On top of that, education can also include songs which are forms of entertainment. In this way, we can make our class more interesting and students will be entertained. From the song lyrics, we can polish our student’s language and vocabulary besides making learning more fun. They can also learn to express their emotions through songs as songs can be a good cure for stress. Furthermore, education can be fun through role playing. We can involve our students act out a drama which may help to improve their acting skills and self confidence. Indirectly, they will be able to express their thoughts through role-play in a form of voice projection, facial expression and also body language. Apart from that, they can strengthen their memorizing skills too. This is because they need to memorize their scripts. As we know, the world we are living today is technology dominated and everything can be done fast and furious. For examples, cell phones, instant coffee machine, one hour-photo shops and internet can help us to complete our task in a short time. In short, technology makes the world moves faster than the past. But, education does not have any shortcut for us to reach the destination. We must learn step by step. Practice makes perfect. So, we take time to achieve our goals in the field of education. In a nutshell, we can make education fun in many ways such as games and songs. Thus, we can make our classroom full of joy and students will not feel bored while learning from the teachers. Besides, students will be able to think out of the box. With this, the goals of ‘fun in education’ could be achieved.

Contact And Exchange Between Peoples And Cultures Essay

Occupation is not a victory, yet, discrimination and oppression evoke acrimony among the native people, which impedes European imperialists from conquering the native people. The Metis, a native group originally scattered across Canada as well as parts of the northern United States such as Montana, North Dakota and Northwest Minnesota. However, the Metis and other aboriginal groups suffered injustice in European colonialism, which is the main focus of this paper. The Aboriginal peoples were the original residents of Canada. It is a collective word for the diversity of the indigenous people. The word was incorporated in the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 and concerns to the Inuit and the Metis people. The term aboriginal has provided a sense of unity among the indigenous peoples and also served the role of erasing the different historical, cultural practice, sovereignty and languages of over fifty countries that lived in Canada preceding to European colonization. It is believed that the Metis fatherly ancestry originated from different nationalities; Irish, French, English and Scottish while the mothers came from the Native Indian. So the Merits are of mixed blood. Nevertheless, the Metis were able to adopt both the European and the Indian culture through utilizing what was suitable to their necessities. However, the European colonization led to their suffering and injustice. During this time the Metis suffered prejudice, racism and injusti ce. The Relationship of the Metis To their Land and the Manitoba Treaty The Metis practiced the concept of communism, meaning personal ownership of land were prohibited. They resisted external pressures to abandon this concept. However, with the European colonization, the Metis was denied the freedom to live the way they wanted, thus, they were forced to abandon the communism concept. As a matter of fact, the Metis who had occupied the lands in North America for decades before the European colonization were deprived during the European colonization, which in turn is still today whereby the political and legal approached deprive Metis societies of fundamental human rights The European solidified their attitudes towards race in their experience with the Metis. The clash between England and Ireland went beyond rivalries between the two developing nations. This was a clash between the semi-nomadic pastoralist and those who were settled on the land as farmers and grew a sedentary culture. The treatment of the Metis people in Cnanda was extremely similar to the treatment of the other Aboriginal peoples. As a matter of fact, the European established a hierarchical view of the earth where the value of other communities was judged against the image of their own, whereby human beings were viewed as continuing through different regular and specific stages of growth ranging from savagery to civilization. Furthermore, it was not only a social philosophy, but a moral Christian obligation placed on the European to guide the Metis who was regarded as uncivilized beings to the pinnacle of civilization. The European presented the capital structure, which embroiled racial segregation. This was opposite to what the Metis and other Aboriginal groups practiced. As a result, this concept led legitimacy to the undertaking of the dominant power whereby the European dominated the Metis. Through racial segregation, the Europeans were able to push the Metis out of their land, and exert control over all the aboriginal groups in North America. Indeed, race became a social norm and an unquestioned reason to privilege. It was one employed with great insight against the Metis people in Canada. Thus, although most of the treaties had different positive effects in the aboriginals, most of them caused these communities a devastating effect. The treaties cost the Aboriginals a lot, including their land. Besides being forced to give up their culture, they ended up with a much smaller tract of land as a result of improper negotiations. Also, though the provision of education and health care has been cru cial in maintaining the Aboriginal cultures, other benefits such as farm implements and the right to utilize land were much smaller compared to the tracts of lands given in their exchange. Furthermore, the implications resulting in the signing of treaties caused a large number of deaths among them. According to Miller (2000), prior to 1870, the Aboriginal population decreased by about 75percent under the hands of the European settlers. The Fur Trade Canada expanded in a unique manner whereby it traded fur with other countries. Fur trade played a significant role in creating boundaries, which still exist today because borders are grounded on its dissimilar resilience in the North America. As a matter of fact, the importance of the fur trade lies in its commitment of the geographic platform. Through this trade, the development of the Metis emerged with their own language and culture. Indeed, the trade depended on the productive skill and the organizational capabilities in the Metis people. Therefore, the Metis and the Indians regulated the fur trade and only traded when it was convenient for them to do so. Moreover, the Metis were sought to travel through canoe into the interior to carry out trade with the Indian community. The fur trade helped the European to penetrate to Canada, and as a result, they started assimilating the Metis community. They disregarded their culture, beliefs and norms and waged to change their culture as w ell as their behavior. The Metis were culturally undistinguished from other Canadainas. The Land Scrip During the 18th century in Canada, the government gave out scrip certificate giving the right holder to either a certain acreage of land or an amount of money that could be used to the buy on land. These certificates were given out to individual Metis to fulfill their claim to land ownership. However, most people did not get the scrip who eventually was the original inhabitants of the land, meaning that the entire Metis communities who had stayed on the land for decades were sidelined of their rightful heritage. Moreover, it was not only the manner in which the Metis was deprived of their original land. Likewise, the Juvenile Act of Manitoba was modified to permit Metis minors to sell or dispose of their script, thus creating an opportunity for abuse. The government also opposed to a powerful Metis constituency and enterprise interests desiring to gather vast tracts of land colluded to ensure that the Metis of the West of forlorn become landless people. The Metis was not included, fr ightened, swindled or made to kill of the land consisting rudimentary way that consecutive Canadians would follow to open up Canada. As a result, the Metis were forced to live on unutilized parts of the land, which is the reason that they were referred to as the â€Å"Road Allowance People† meaning that they were bound to make their geographical area on the government land on either side of the road. Louis Riel and the Manitoba Drawing from Louis Riel who was the founder of Manitoba and a Metis leader, it is clear that the Metis were harassed unjustly. Riel was murdered by the government for treason. He had united the Metis community and led to a famous Metis government that was central in taking Manitoba into Confederation, but his aim was to preserve the Metis community from the Canadian authority. Riel also led the Metis at the Red River whereby the Canadian government had appointed McDougall as the governor whose mission was to re-stake the Metis land. The Metis opposed him through Riel so as to preserve their cultural, social and political status of the Metis in the Red River as well as the Northwest. As a matter of fact, intermarriages between the Europeans and the Metis or the aboriginals was prohibited. Riel was considered a hero because he defended the Catholic faith and the French culture in Manitoba. It is for this reason that went back to North America after being in exile for four months in the United States. The British and the Canadian government did not support the Metis beliefs and wanted to establish the Protestant beliefs. Nevertheless, the opposition from the Metis through the influence of Riel did not last long when he was captured and executed. Riel was executed without any trial with British or Canadian law for his section in the Red River resistance. The Residential Schools Just like other Aboriginal peoples, the Metis were placed in residential schools over the course of a hundred years. These schools stripped children of their languages and culture so as to eliminate the Metis problem and assimilate them into the society. The Metis in residential schools survived sexual as well as physical abuses, loss of identity as well as language. As a result, many of the Metis children as well as other Aboriginal people’s did not survive at all. Indeed, there are still unrequited questions about how some kids vanished. Nevertheless, the current dispute resolution program in North America, especially Canada does not address the fundamentals harms suffered by Aboriginal peoples as a result of the Indian Residential Schools system that was expressly introduced to remove Aboriginal languages and culture, and to murder the Indian in the child. The government’s strategy for accomplishing its policy aim concerned removing children from their families, puni shing them for speaking their aboriginal language and denying them the right to follow their spiritual teachings and traditional celebrations and failing to give them adequate education. In conclusion, from the above discussion, it is clear that the Metis as well as other Aboriginal communities in North America suffered injustices. They were killed because of their language and beliefs, disregarded because of their culture and mixed blood, they were racially segregated and denied their right to own land. As a result, they ended up in the Manitoba reserve with small parts of land and some none. Neither were their appreciated in residential schools whereby their kids were physically and sexually abused. And though all these things are known by the government, nothing much has improved in Canada for the Metis as well as other aboriginals. References Brown, D., & Kingston, O. (1992). Aboriginal governments and power sharing in Canada. Kingston, Ont.: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University. First Nations in Canada. (1997). Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Howe, P., & Bedford, D. (2007). Electoral participation of Aboriginals in Canada.Noble, T. (2008). Western civilization: Beyond boundaries (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rambaut, T. (1987). The Hudson’s Bay Half-Breeds and Louis Riel’s Rebellions. Political Science Quarterly, 135-135. Source document

Domestic and International HRM - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2306 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Introduction The world has become more globalised and more competitive than ever before, and as more firms begin to operate in the international marketplace there is an extensive search for different elements of competitive advantage (Beck, 2011). A major component of gaining an advantage over competitors could be in terms of human resource management and especially in international human resource management. The quality of management seems to be more critical in international, than domestic human resource management too, making it even more vital that firms are effective in this area (Monks et al., 2001). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Domestic and International HRM" essay for you Create order Human resource management refers to those activities undertaken by an organisation to effectively utilise its human resources (Dowling et al., 2008: 3). These activities include those such as staffing, performance management, compensation, training and development and human resource planning. Indeed, human resource management is key for any organisation. Ozbilgin et al., (2014) assert that human resource management is a function which encompasses the methods of compensating, appraising, training and selecting employees within an organisation, as well as complying with health and safety, labour and equal employment laws. International human resource management can be seen as the worldwide management of these human resources (Brewster and Suutari, 2005). Schular and Tarique (2007:717) claim that the field of international human resource management is concerned with understanding, researching, applying and revising all human resource activities in internal and external contexts as they impact the processes of managing human resources. This essay will look at human resource management, and see what is similar and what is different when human resource management goes international. This is important due to the fact that there are many challenges in managing overseas activities for companies, and this is why the third section of this essay will be addressing the issue of best practice in international human resource management. Finally, the conclusion will draw these sections together to look at how the challenging aspect of international human resource management. The similarities between domestic and international human resource management This first section of the essay will look at the similarities between domestic and international human resource management. Human resource management is similar in both the domestic and international marketplaces as they have similar basic functions in businesses as mentioned within the introduction. All human resource functions have the key aim of to effectively utilising the human capital which is present within the organisation. Aswathappa (2008) asserts that human resource functions are basically the same whether they extend to several countries, or if they are specific to one single country. Regardless of the countries human resource managers are in, the HR manager still needs to plan the human resources, train and develop people, compensate them, hire the correct employees in the correct number, as well as maintain and motivate the workers in the company, and this still stands true whether or not this is in a domestic or global setting (Aswathappa, 2008). As well as this, the environmental forces which impact upon the functioning of a human resource department are the same, depending on if the business is global or domestic (Aswathappa, 2008). These all include political, cultural, economic and legal external constraints, and they can influence the way that human resource functions are carried out both in domestic as well as in global businesses (Aswathappa, 2008: 67). It can be seen that a human resource function in a business has one overriding objective, which is ensuring the effectiveness of an organisation through interventions such as multiskil developments, team building, motivation, performance management and talent retention. Regardless of if the company is a multinational one operating in ten different nations, or a domestic business these activities are still present and are the key tasks and requirements of the human resource function, and as such still require effective management by human resource professionals. (Aswathappa, 2008). The differences between domestic and international human resource management After looking at the similarities, the differences between these forms of human resource management will now be looked at. International human resource management can be seen as being characterised by more heterogeneous functions, greater involvement in employers personal life, different emphasis on managing training, and more external influences (Alhafaji, 1995: 90). International HRM managers are needed to be even more diligent due to the fact there is usually greater dissatisfaction in a multinational environment than a domestic one (Alhafaji, 1995). Dowling et al., (2008) assert that they find the complexity of operating in different countries and having employees from a range of different national categories is one of the key variables in differentiating international human resource management from domestic human resource management. These result in six factors which contribute to this complexity; more HR activities, the need for a broader perspective, more involvement in empl oyees personal lives, changes in the emphasis as employees consist of more expatriates who mix with locals, the exposure to risk and an increased range of external influences (Dowling et al., 2008). More human resource activities are needed in order to operate within an international environment, such as international tax, relocation and orientation as well as having more services for expatriates as well as language translation services (Dowling et al., 2008). These are all services which would not be necessary within the domestic market. There is also a need for a broader perspective as those HR managers who work in a domestic environment will normally administer human resource programmes for one national group of employees, these are all covered by one compensation policy and also taxed by the same national government (Dowling et al., 2008). In terms of risk, there are also more human and financial consequences of failing within the international marketplace, as opposed to in t he domestic market. Expatriate failure and the underperformance of employees on international assignments, for example, are very costly to international corporations. The cost of such employees is often three times as high as if they were to be working within their domestic market (Dowling et al., 2008). Keeley (2001) also asserts that there are difficulties in integrating host country national managers into the process of their subsidiaries that are abroad. In more recent times, major multinationals must now take into consideration the political risk as well as terrorism and the spending which is needed on protection against terrorism, in light of the 9/11 attacks in New York (Dowling et al., 2008). In International human resource management there are also more external factors, such as the types of government, the state of different economies and different generally accepted practices of doing business in the various companies where a multinational corporation may operate within ( Dowling et al., 2008). International human resource management also has more involvement in the personal life of its employees. For example, it is necessary for human resources to understand every aspect of compensation packages provided in the foreign assignment, and the department would need to know the readiness of employees family to relocate, as well as supporting the family in adjusting to life in a foreign country (Dowling et al., 2008). Harris et al., (2004) assert that another key difference is the cultural differences that are needed to be managed in international human resource management. With the increasing internationalisation of employment, employees in the same organisations now possess many different values and attitudes towards both work and their personal lives. There are many stereotypes inherent within these different cultures, such as Americans being work obsessed and the Japanese being overly polite (Harris et al., 2004). These national stereotypes show tha t different nationalities work in different ways, and it is therefore necessary that an international human resource manager has an awareness of these cultural differences, and that this can affect many different human resource functions such as recruitment and selection, as well as performance appraisal (Harris et al., 2004). Therefore, there needs to be care taken by international human resource managements on deciding whether to standardise the processes in human resource departments around the world, or choose to localise them dependent on the area even though this initial setup may be more costly and complex, but could be more effective in the long run. Best practice in international human resource management The need to develop best practice within international human resource management is becoming increasingly important, as more and more enterprises turn international and expand worldwide to tap into growing markets (Geringer et al., 2002). Stiles and Trevor (2006) attempt to identify the ways in which multinational organisations should manage their people in companies which are diverse in terms of the culture and geography that they encompass. This is because expanding internationally requires the attention of the company to have both global standards, as well as local market sensitivity, and this was seen as one of the marks of best practice within international human resource management (Stiles and Trevor, 2006). They move on to say that across all the organisations studied it was important to have rigorous and selection procedures, as well as training and development across all levels of the company, and developmental appraisal as well as performance linked pay (Stiles and Trevor , 2006). Other best practices included having flexible job design, team working as well as two way communications within the company. Values based employment practices were seen as important, and these enabled having a successful cultural fit of employees within the company, which increased commitment and retention in the organisation (Stiles and Trevor, 2006). Overall, it can be seen that when trying to achieve best practice within international human resource management, that it is important for organisations to focus on local knowledge, but with also ensuring there is a centralised HQ-centric view of the world in these departments too (Stiles and Trevor, 2006). However, Stiles and Trevor (2006) conclude by saying that it is not enough for organisations to simply adopt best practice, or to attempt to develop innovative solutions in isolation. Instead, the formulation and execution of these needs to be aligned with business needs at all levels, both on a corporate level and loca lly. These also need to be not only integrated with other human resource practices but with all the various human, social and organisational elements in the organisation that effectiveness is dependent on. This can be seen as the responsibility of the leadership within the company, as leadership capability is central to the effective management of human capital (Stiles and Trevor, 2006: 52). As well as this, Marchington and Grugulis (2000) assert that searching for a best practice is problematic. This is because, according to their studies there are times when asserted best practices appear contradictory messages. This is due to the fact that human resource practices are not universally applicable. They move on to state that in presenting the argument for the adoption of best practice HRM, the nature of the employment relationship itself is over simplified and distorted (Marchington and Grugulis, 2000: 1121). Therefore it could be argued that there is no generic, one size fits all b est practice of international human resources that can be applied to every multinational organisation. Instead, organisations need to consider how each process would impact and effect their specific company and its needs. Conclusion Human resource practitioners and researchers are becoming concerned with the shift towards more globalised businesses, and the impact that this has on international human resource management (Kiessling and Harvey, 2005). This is becoming even more of a pressing issue as multinational enterprises themselves have realised that human resource management can play an extremely important role in gaining and retaining a competitive advantage (Schuler and Jackson, 2005). It has been seen in this essay that there are a number of differences between international and domestic human resource management. These are differences which are large enough to have a sizeable and quantifiable impact upon an organisation if they are not taken into account. The main differences identified are the fact that there are a wide range of problems such as international taxation and dealing with expatriates and an assortment of different cultures in international companies that domestic human resource managers w ould not need to deal with. However, similarities still exist, and the main function of the human resource department, to effectively create organisational effectiveness through effective management of employees in the company, remains the same regardless of how many countries the company may operate in. It was also seen that there is no best practice in regards of international human resource management, due to the fact that companies are not the same in how they operate and the employees in them. Therefore, organisations need to consider how different policies and procedures would impact their employees before implementing them. Bibliography Alhafaji, A. (1995) Competitive global Management. Florida: St Lucie Press. Aswathappa, K. (2008) International Human Resource Management. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill. Beck, T. (2011) Differences and Similarities between International and Domestic Human Resource Management. Norderstedt: GRIN. Brewster, C. Suutari, V. (2005) Global HRM: aspects of a research agenda. Personnel Review. 34(1). 5-21. Dowling, P. Festing, M. Engle, A. (2008) International Human Resource Management. Melbourne: Thomson. Geringer, J. Frayne, C. Milliman, J. (2002) In search of best practice in international human resource management. Human Resource Management. 41(1). 5-30. Harris, H. Brewster, C. Sparrow, P. (2004) International Human Resource Management. London: CIPD. Keeley, T. (2001) International Human Resource Management in Japanese Firms: Their Greatest Challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan Kiessling, T. Harvey, M. (2005) Strategic global human resource management research in the tw enty first century. Journal of Human Resource Management. 16(1) 22-45. Marchington, M. Grugulis, I. (2000) Best practice human resource management: perfect opportunity or dangerous illusion. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 11(6). 1104-1124. Monks, K. Scullion, H. Creaner, J. (2001) HRM in the International firm: Evidence from Ireland. Personnel Review. 30. 536-553. Ozbilgin, M. Groutsis, D. Harvey, V. (2014) International Human Resource Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schuler, R. Jackson, S. (2005) A Quarter Century review of human resource management in the US. Management Review. 16. 11-35. Schuler, R. Tarique, I. (2007) IHRM: A North American perspective, a thematic update and suggestions for future research. International Journal of HRM. 18(5). 717-744. Stiles, P. Trevor, J. (2006) [Online] Best practice and key themes in global human resource management. Available from: https://www.cihrm.jbs.cam.ac.uk/research/ghrra.ht ml